We will be covering the naming of benzene derivatives, stability of aromatic compounds, electrophilic aromatic substitution, and nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Aromatic compounds organic chemistry science khan academy. In organic chemistry, we will learn about the reactions chemists use to synthesize crazy carbon based structures, as well as the analytical methods to characterize them. Reactions of aromatic compounds rutgers university. Carbon has the ability to bond with itself to form long chains and, as a result, millions of compounds from simple hydrocarbons to large biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Originally, the term aromatic was given to compounds of this type because of their. In organic chemistry, aromaticity is a property of cyclic ringshaped, planar flat structures with a ring of resonance bonds that gives increased stability compared to other geometric or connective arrangements with the same set of atoms. Both molecules consist of three fused rings that are shown with a series of alternating single and double bonds. Aromatic molecules are very stable, and do not break apart easily to react with other substances.
The sp2 hybridized ring atoms are connected by brown bonds, the. Such compounds are named as phenones, the prefix depending on the size and nature of the group on the other side of the carbonyl. Chemistry 0871 learning centre naming organic compounds practice exercises a. Aromatic ketones a special group of aromatic compounds are ketones where the carbonyl is attached to at least one benzene ring. Check the illustrated glossary of organic chemistry. Early in the history of organic chemistry late 18th, early 19th century chemists discovered a class of compounds which were unusually. Reactions of benzene organic chemistry ebook format. Aromaticity and aromatic hydrocarbons lecture notes. Aromatic compounds early in the history of organic. Just as any alkyl group can be written as r, any aryl aromatic group is represented by ar. Organic chemistry ii chem 252 chapter 14 aromatic compounds bela torok department of chemistry university of massachusetts boston boston, ma 1. If youre behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains. Next we consider a class of hydrocarbons with molecular formulas like those of unsaturated hydrocarbons, but which, unlike the alkenes, do not readily undergo addition reactions. Organic chemistry notes aromatic compounds and aromaticity.
However, this reaction proceeds slowly, which is inconvenient dangerous since hot, conc. The full course notes 1st and 2nd semesters of organic chemistry notes is 367 pages in length section 1 through section 23 and covers all lecture notes and topics discussed in your entire organic chemistry lecture course. We also acknowledge previous national science foundation support under grant numbers. Heterocyclic aromatic compounds a heterocyclic compound is an organic compound in which one or more of the carbon atoms in the backbone of the molecule has been replaced by an atom other than carbon. Aromatic hydrocarbon compounds are hydrocarbons containing one or more aromatic rings, such as the singlering benzene as well as the multiring systems. The organic compounds which are not said to be aromatic are known as aliphatic compounds. A reaction map pdf for benzene and aromatic compounds. The goal of the system is to give each structure a unique and unambiguous name, and to correlate each name with a unique and unambiguous. These are the homework exercises to accompany the textmap for mcmurrys organic chemistry textbook. The readings column refers to relevant sections in the course textbook, l. In the early days of organic chemistry, the word aromatic was used to describe fragrant substances auch as benzaldehyde from cherries, peaches, and almonds toluene from tolu balsam, and benzene from coal distillate. Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions an organic reaction in which an electrophile substitutes a hydrogen atom in an aromatic compound. These in turn are the starting materials for compounds such as styrene, phenol, aniline, polyesters, and nylon.
Short summary of iupac nomenclature of organic compounds. When the benzene group is simply a substituent, it is called a phenyl group, and is often abbreviated to ph or do not confuse the benzyl group with the phenyl group. Lecture handouts organic chemistry i chemistry mit. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds mcc organic chemistry. Aromatic compounds are generally nonpolar and immiscible with water. Due to their high ratio of carbon to hydrogen, aromatic compounds are characterized by a sooty yellow flame. As they are often unreactive, they are useful as solvents for other nonpolar compounds. This is structure and nomenclature of aromatic compounds, section.
Regioselective parachlorination of activated aromatic. Due to their high ratio of carbon to hydrogen, aromatic. Background for aromatic compounds kekule proposed the structure of benzene in 1865. Organic chemistry university of california riverside. For a compound to be considered aromatic, it must be flat, cyclic, and conjugated and it must obey huckels rule.
Oct 09, 2010 in organic chemistry, we will learn about the reactions chemists use to synthesize crazy carbon based structures, as well as the analytical methods to characterize them. Aromatic hydrocarbons are compounds that contain a benzene ring. Today the term aromatic is used regardless of the odor of the compound. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Teach yourself chemistry visually in 24 hours by dr.
Early in the history of organic chemistry late 18 th, early 19 century. Aromatic compounds heterocyclic compound aromaticity. You should be able to suggest names for simple arenes. Common aromatic compounds study guide cheat sheet includes the names and structures of various substituted benzene compounds that you are required to know throughout your organic chemistry course.
Examples of aromatic compounds chemistry libretexts. Partly because of its potential for easy points on your quizexam that is if you truly understand, not merely memorize. Aromatic compounds have unusual stability that goes far beyond what is predicted by simple resonance. Aromatic compounds have substantial resonance stabilization benzene is aromatic. These compounds comprise a distinct class, called aromatic hydrocarbons. Organic chemistry ii chem 252 chapter 14 aromatic compounds. Regioselective parachlorination of activated aromatic compounds. Cr mn fe co ni cu br pd i pt mg al pscl b no f h c 8 origins of organic chemistry organic literally means derived from living organisms organic chemistry was originally the study of compounds extracted from living organisms. Some lecture notes apply to multiple class sessions. The chemistry of aromatic and carbonyl compounds are examined with respect to reaction mechanisms and use in synthesis. Aromatic compound an overview sciencedirect topics. The periodic table of organic chemistry organic chemists look at the periodic table a little differently. The distinctive electronic structure of aromatic leads to some distinctive reactivity. Aromatic molecules are said to be very stable and they do not break so easily and also reacts with other types of substances.
Check out this reaction map of over 25 different organic chemistry reactions of benzene and related compounds, allowing for easy synthetic planning. Aromaticity reactions of benzene and substituted benzenes format. Aromatic nitro compounds useful in lab reagents for the identification of organic compounds e. The unique stability of these compounds is referred to as aromaticity. Which of the following statements about an sp hybridized carbon is false. Aromatic organic compounds chemistry alevel revison. Aromatic compounds and aromaticity section 14 of organic chemistry notes is 11 pages in length page 141 through page 1411 and covers all youll need to know on the following lecturebook topics. Aromatic compounds early in the history of organic chemistry late. In a more specific, chemical sense, aromatic compounds are defined as those which meet the following.
These might be in cyclic form, but only the aromatic rings have a special kind of stability. Cliffsnotes study guides are written by real teachers and professors, so no matter what youre studying, cliffsnotes can ease your homework headaches and help you score high on exams. If youre behind a web filter, please make sure that the. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons aromatic compounds can have rings that share a set of carbon atoms fused rings compounds from fused benzene or aromatic heterocyclic rings are themselves aromatic naphthalene. May 03, 2015 aromatic nitro compounds useful in lab reagents for the identification of organic compounds e. Kazuhiro yoshida, tsuneo imamoto, akira yanagisawa. The second and third compounds are heterocycles having aromatic properties. Properties of aromatic compounds introduction to chemistry. Test your knowledge of aromatic compounds in this interactive quiz and printable. The nonbonding electron pair on the nitrogen is not part of the aromatic. Synthesis of substituted aromatic compounds using rutheniumcatalyzed ringclosing metathesis.
The aromatic heterocycle pyridine is similar to benzene, and is often used as a weak base for scavenging protons. Aromatic compounds definition, example, properties. There have been many conventions for naming organic compounds some have. Aromatic, antiaromatic, or nonaromatic, huckels rule, 4n. For the four special monosubstituted benzenes, use the common name. The series includes high school chemistry, ap chemistry, general chemistry, organic chemistry and biochemistry. Benzene and aromaticity exercises chemistry libretexts.
Benzene can be drawn with all carbons and hydrogens, with just lines, or using a. Systematic screening and identification of the chlorinated transformation products of aromatic pharmaceuticals and personal care products using highresolution mass spectrometry. If youre seeing this message, it means were having trouble loading external resources on our website. Organic chemistry of aromatic and carbonyl compounds unit code. Aromatic compound, any of a large class of unsaturated chemical compounds characterized by one or more planar rings of atoms joined by covalent bonds of two different kinds. Reactions of aromatic compounds simple alkenes tend to undergo addition reactions. The carbons in benzene are sp 2 hybridized, have a bond angle of 120 o, and have a trigonal planar shape. Naming benzene derivatives introduction video khan academy. Aromaticity practice problems for aromatic, antiaromatic. For any alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic compounds, carboxylic acids or alcohols, provide the iupac name of the molecule. Short summary of iupac nomenclature of organic compounds introduction the purpose of the iupac system of nomenclature is to establish an international standard of naming compounds to facilitate communication. Four illustrative examples of aromatic compounds are shown above. Aromaticity is one of the more exciting topics in organic chemistry. Naming benzene derivatives introduction aromatic compounds.
Online textbook openstax chemistry 2e organic chemistry chapter 20 pages 1077 1125 in pdf version unit outline. Aromatic compounds contain a benzene ring or have certain benzenelike properties. Important commercial aromatic compounds include benzene, toluene, 1,2, and 1,4dimethylbenzene. Aromatic hydrocarbon an overview sciencedirect topics. Organic compounds that are not aromatic are known as aliphatic compounds, but only aromatic rings are especially stable. Aromatic compounds early in the history of organic chemistry. Both compounds have 14 carbon atoms and 10 hydrogen atoms. A detailed commentary of the aromatic compounds and aromaticity is beyond the scope of this chapter, but here are the important elements. Aromatic hydrocarbons are compounds that contain a benzene ring structure. The first is in the manufacture of explosives highly nitrated organic.
Although the term aromatic originally concerned odour. This section contains notes used to supplement the lectures for the course. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Week 1 hydrocarbons week 2 substituted hydrocarbons week 3. Feb 16, 2017 these are the homework exercises to accompany the textmap for mcmurrys organic chemistry. Huckels rule states that an aromatic compound must have pi electrons in the overlapping p orbitals in order to be aromatic n in this formula represents any integer. Introduction it is important that organic compounds are corrrectly and unambiguously named so that there can be absolutely no confusion about what compounds are actually being reported or described. Aromatic compounds or arenes include benzene and benzene derivatives. Check out this reaction map of over 25 different organic chemistry reactions of benzene and. Aromatic compounds as represented by benzene and naphthalene are a group of compounds, which occupy a very important position in organic chemistry. Pyridine has a benzenelike sixmembered ring incorporating one nitrogen atom. Check the illustrated glossary of organic chemistry available at the course.